Method and system for subscription digital rights management

ABSTRACT

A system and method for managing use of items having usage rights associated therewith. The system includes an activation device adapted to issue a software package having a public and private key pair, the public key being associated with a user, a license device adapted to issue a license, a usage device adapted to receive the software package, receive the license and allow the user to access the item in accordance with the license, and a subscription managing device adapted to maintain a subscription list including the public key associated with the user. License&#39;s is issued by the license device upon verifying presence of the public key in the subscription list corresponding to requested content.

RELATED APPLICATION DATA

This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.10/162,698, filed Jun. 6, 2002, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S.application Ser. No. 09/867,747, filed May 31, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No.6,876,984, which claims benefit from U.S. Provisional Application No.60/296,114, filed Jun. 7, 2001, the disclosures of each of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention is directed to a subscription digital rightsmanagement system and a method thereof. In particular, the presentinvention is directed to such a system and method that facilitatessubscription to plural protected items, such as digital content.

2. Description of Related Art

One of the most important issues impeding the widespread distribution ofdigital works (i.e. documents or other content in forms readable bycomputers), via electronic means, and the Internet in particular, is thecurrent lack of ability to enforce the intellectual property rights ofcontent owners during the distribution and use of digital works. Effortsto resolve this problem have been termed “Intellectual Property RightsManagement” (“IPRM”), “Digital Property Rights Management” (“DPRM”),“Intellectual Property Management” (“IPM”), “Rights Management” (“RM”),and “Electronic Copyright Management” (“ECM”), collectively referred toas “Digital Rights Management (DRM)” herein. There are a number ofissues to be considered in effecting a DRM System. For example,authentication, authorization, accounting, payment and financialclearing, rights specification, rights verification, rights enforcement,and document protection issues should be addressed. U.S. Pat. Nos.5,530,235, 5,634,012, 5,715,403, 5,638,443, and 5,629,980, thedisclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference disclose DRMsystems addressing these issues.

In the world of printed documents and other physical content, a workcreated by an author is usually provided to a publisher, which formatsand prints numerous copies of the work. The copies are then sent by adistributor to bookstores or other retail outlets, from which the copiesare purchased by end users. While the low quality of copying and thehigh cost of distributing printed material have served as deterrents tounauthorized copying of most printed documents, it is far too easy tocopy, modify, and redistribute unprotected digital works with highquality. Accordingly, mechanisms of protecting digital works arenecessary to retain rights of the owner of the work.

Unfortunately, it has been widely recognized that it is difficult toprevent, or even deter, people from making unauthorized copies ofelectronic works within current general-purpose computing andcommunications systems such as personal computers, workstations, andother devices connected over communications networks, such as local areanetworks (LANs), intranets, and the Internet. Many attempts to providehardware-based solutions to prevent unauthorized copying have proven tobe unsuccessful. The proliferation of high band-width “broadband”communications technologies and the development of what is presentlyknown as the “National Information Infrastructure” (NII) will render iteven more convenient to distribute large documents electronically,including video files such as full length motion pictures, and thus willremove any remaining deterrents to unauthorized copying and distributionof digital works. Accordingly, DRM technologies are becoming a highpriority.

Two basic DRM schemes have been employed, secure containers and trustedsystems. A “secure container” (or simply an encrypted document) offers away to keep document contents encrypted until a set of authorizationconditions are met and some copyright terms are honored (e.g., paymentfor use). After the various conditions and terms are verified with thedocument provider, the document is released to the user in clear form.Commercial products such as CRYPTOLOPES™ and DIGIBOXES™ fall into thiscategory. Clearly, the secure container approach provides a solution toprotecting the document during delivery over insecure channels, but doesnot provide any mechanism to prevent legitimate users from obtaining theclear document and then using and redistributing it in violation ofcontent owners' intellectual property.

In the “trusted system” approach, the entire system is responsible forpreventing unauthorized use and distribution of the document. Building atrusted system usually entails introducing new hardware such as a secureprocessor, secure storage and secure rendering devices. This alsorequires that all software applications that run on trusted systems becertified to be trusted. While building tamper-proof trusted systems isa real challenge to existing technologies, current market trends suggestthat open and untrusted systems, such as PC's and workstations usingbrowsers to access the Web, will be the dominant systems used to accessdigital works. In this sense, existing computing environments such asPC's and workstations equipped with popular operating systems (e.g.,Windows™, Linux™, and UNIX) and rendering applications, such asbrowsers, are not trusted systems and cannot be made trusted withoutsignificantly altering their architectures. Of course, alteration of thearchitecture defeats a primary purpose of the Web, i.e. flexibility andcompatibility.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,634,012, the disclosure of which is incorporated hereinby reference, discloses a system for controlling the distribution ofdigital documents. Each rendering device has a repository associatedtherewith. A predetermined set of usage transaction steps define aprotocol used by the repositories for enforcing usage rights associatedwith a document. Usage rights persist with the document content. Theusage rights can permit various manners of use such as, viewing only,use once, distribution, and the like. Usage rights can be contingent onpayment or other conditions.

Conventional DRM systems typically provide access to protected contentafter a transaction in which an end user obtains a license allowingaccess to the protected content. Thus, conventional DRM systems utilizea “per-transaction” model where each access to the protected contentrequires a separate transaction with a separate license. In this regard,conventional DRM systems can become very cumbersome when a user expectsto access a large number of items of protected content since atransaction must be made for each item accessed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A first aspect of the invention is a DRM system for distributing itemshaving usage rights associated therewith in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention comprising an activation deviceadapted to issue a software package that enforces usage rights tocontrol use of the items, the software package having a public andprivate key pair, the public key being associated with a user, a licensedevice adapted to issue a license having usage rights associated with atleast one item, a usage device adapted to receive the software package,receive the license associated with the at least one item, and allow theuser to access the at least one item in accordance with the license, anda subscription managing device adapted to maintain a subscription listincluding the public key associated with the user, where the license isissued by the license device upon verifying presence of the public keyin the subscription list.

A second aspect of the present invention is a method for distributingitems having usage rights associated therewith, the method comprisingthe steps of providing a software package to at least one user, thesoftware package enforcing usage rights to control use of the items andhaving a private key and a public key associated with the at least oneuser, storing the public key associated with the at least one user in asubscription list, receiving a request from the at least one user toaccess the at least one item, verifying that the at least one userrequesting access to the at least one item is listed in the subscriptionlist, and issuing a license that grants usage rights to the at least oneuser to use the at least one item.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a DRM system adapted to aper-transaction model;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a rights label of the preferredembodiment;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a license of the preferredembodiment;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a DRM system in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention that provides subscription access toprotected content; and

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a method of the preferred embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

A DRM System can be utilized to specify and enforce usage rights foritems, such as digital content, services, or goods property. FIG. 1illustrates DRM system 10 that can be used to distribute digitalcontent. DRM System 10 includes a user activation component, in the formof activation server 20, that issues public and private key pairs tocontent users in a protected fashion, as is well known.

Typically, when a user uses DRM System 10 for the first time, the useris activated. During an activation process, some information isexchanged between activation server 20 and a device associated with theuser, such as client environment 30, and client component 60 isdownloaded and installed in client environment 30. Client component 60preferably is tamper resistant and contains the set of public andprivate keys issued by activation server 20 as well as other componentssuch as any necessary engine for parsing or rendering protected itemssuch as protected content 42.

Rights label 40 is associated with protected content 42 and specifiesusage rights that are available to an end-user when correspondingconditions are satisfied. Protected content 42 specifies a specific itemas described below. License server 50 manages the encryption keys andissues licenses 52 for exercise of rights in the manner set forth below.Licenses 52 embody the actual granting of rights to an end user. Forexample, license 52 may permit a user to view protected content 42 for afee of five dollars. Client component 60 interprets and enforces therights that have been specified in license 52.

FIG. 2 illustrates rights label 40 in accordance with the preferredembodiment. Rights label 40 includes plural rights offers 44. Eachrights offer 44 includes usage rights 44 a, conditions 44 b, and contentspecification 44 c. Content specification 44 c can include any mechanismfor referencing, calling, locating, or otherwise specifying content 42associated with rights offer 44.

FIG. 3 illustrates license 52 in accordance with the preferredembodiment. License 52 includes a unique license ID 52 a, grant 52 b(including usage rights, a principal, conditions, and state variables)and a content specification designating content 42 associated withlicense 52. License 52 also includes digital signature 52 c includingany cryptographic keys or the like for unlocking item ticket 42.

Usage rights specify manners of use. For example, a manner of use caninclude the ability to use an item in a specified way such as to print,copy, view, or the like. Rights can also be bundled. Further, usagerights can specify transfer rights, such as distribution rights. In somecases conditions must be satisfied in order to exercise the manner ofuse in a specified usage right. For, example a condition may be thepayment of a fee, submission of personal data, or any other requirementdesired before permitting exercise of a manner of use. Conditions canalso be “access conditions” for example, access conditions can apply toa particular group of users, say students in a university, or members ofa book club. In other words, the condition is that the user is aparticular person or member of a particular group. Rights and conditionscan exist as separate entities or can be combined.

State variables track potentially dynamic states conditions. Statevariables are variables having values that represent status of an item,usage rights, license or other dynamic conditions. State variables canbe tracked, by clearinghouse 90 or another device, based onidentification mechanisms in license 52 and ticket 42. Further, thevalue of state variables can be used in a condition. For example, ausage right can be the right to redeem item ticket 42 for specifiedgoods and a condition can be that the usage right can be exercised threetimes. Each time the usage right is exercised, the value of the statevariable is incremented. In this example, when the value of the statevariable is three, the condition is not longer satisfied and ticket 42cannot be redeemed. Another example of a state variable is time. Acondition of license 52 may require that item ticket 42 is redeemedwithin thirty days. A state variable can be used to track the expirationof thirty days. Further, the state of a usage right can be tracked as acollection of state variables. The collection of the change is the stateof a usage right represents the usage history of that right.

Protected content 42 can be prepared with document preparationapplication 72 installed on computer 70 associated with the distributorof content, a content service provider, or any other party. Preparationof protected content 42 consists of specifying the rights and conditionsunder which protected content 42 can be used by associating rights label40 with protected content 42 and protecting protected content 42 withsome crypto algorithm or other mechanism for preventing processing orrendering of protected content 42. A rights language such as XrML™ canbe used to specify the rights and conditions in rights label 40.However, the rights and conditions can be specified in any manner.Accordingly, the process of specifying rights refers to any process forassociating rights with protected content 42. Rights label 40 associatedwith protected content 42 and the encryption key used to encryptprotected content 42 can be transmitted to license server 50. Protectedcontent 42 can be a text file an audio file, a video file, a digitalmultimedia file, or any other digital content.

A typical workflow for DRM System 10 is described below. A useroperating within client environment 30 is activated for receivingprotected content 42 by activation server 20. This results in apublic-private key pair (and possibly some user/machine specificinformation) being downloaded to client environment 30 in the form ofclient software component 60 in a known manner. This activation processcan be accomplished at any time prior to the issuing of a license.

When a user wishes to obtain a specific protected content 42, the usermakes a request for the protected content 42. For example, a user mightbrowse a Web site running on Web server of vendor 80, using a browserinstalled in client environment 30, and request an item corresponding toprotected content 42. The user can examine rights offers 44 in rightslabel 40 associated with protected content 42 and select the desiredusage rights. During this process, the user may go through a series ofsteps possibly to satisfy conditions of the usage rights including a feetransaction or other transactions (such as collection of information).When the appropriate conditions and other prerequisites, such as thecollection of a fee and verification that the user has been activated,are satisfied, vendor 80 contacts license server 50 through a securecommunications channel, such as a channel using a Secure Sockets Layer(SSL). License server 50 then generates license 52 for protected content42 and vendor 80 causes both protected content 42 and license 52 to bedownloaded. License 52 includes the usage rights selected and can bedownloaded from license server 50 or an associated device. Protectedcontent 42 can be downloaded from computer 70 associated with a vendor,distributor, or other party.

Client component 60 in client environment 30 will then proceed tointerpret license 52 and allow the use of protected content 42 based onthe rights and conditions specified in license 52. The interpretationand enforcement of usage rights and related systems and techniques arewell known. The steps above may take place sequentially or approximatelysimultaneously or in various sequential order.

DRM System 10 addresses security aspects of protected contents 42. Inparticular, DRM System 10 may authenticate license 52 that has beenissued by license server 50. One way to accomplish such authenticationis for application 60 to determine if licenses 52 can be trusted. Inother words, application 60 has the capability to verify and validatethe cryptographic signature, or other identifying characteristic oflicense 52. Of course, the example above is merely one way to effect aDRM System. For example, license 52 and protected content 42 can bedistributed from different entities. Clearinghouse 90 can be used toprocess payment transactions and verify payment prior to issuing alicense.

DRM systems such as the one described above provide access to protecteditems, such as protected content, after activation in which an end userobtains software and a license to access the protected content. Alicense is issued, and thus an exchange of keys or other identifyingmechanisms must be accomplished, for each item of protected content.This per-transaction model can become cumbersome when a user expects toaccess and use a large number of items of protected content since alicense must be generated for each protected content. In contrast, theDRM system and method in accordance with the preferred embodiment isimplemented using a subscription model to provide automated user accessto a collection of protected content without necessitating activation ofa license for each protected content accessed.

It should be initially noted that the term “subscription” is used in ageneric sense and includes any item, such as protected content, that auser is allowed to access. The subscription could involve delivery of anelectronic document, or delivery of a means to obtain a hard copydocument or other goods or services. For example, subscriptions may beperiodicals, monthly bills or banks statements or access to a streamingmedia service. Subscription may also be subscriptions to tickets orother vouchers which are used to access or obtain other content,resources, physical goods or service.

In addition, it should be understood that whereas terms “server” and“client” are used below to describe the devices for implementing thepresent invention in the embodiment discussed herein, these terms shouldbe broadly understood to mean any appropriate device for executing thefunction described. For instance, a personal computer, laptop, PDA orother hand held device, PDAs, or any other general purpose programmablecomputer, or combination of such devices, such as a network of computersmay be used.

DRM system 100 in accordance with an embodiment of present invention isillustrated in FIG. 4. DRM system 100 that allows subscription based useof items, such as protected content 108. Because items of protectedcontent 108 are encrypted or otherwise protected, they cannot be used byend users 114 without licenses 116 and software package 103 as asecurity component. DRM system 100 includes an activation device such asactivation server 102 that is adapted to issue software package 103 to ausage device such as client 106 to allow one or more end users 114 touse a plurality of items of protected content 108. Activation server 102of the DRM system 100 provides a public and private key pair to client106, each of the end users 114 having at least a public key associatedtherewith.

DRM system 100 also includes a license device, such as license server110, that is adapted to issue licenses 116 having usage rights which areassociated with plurality of protected content 108. These licenses 116define the end user's rights regarding a particular item of protectedcontent 108. Requests for licenses 116 from license server 110 are madeby distribution point 128 based on requests of end users 114 via client106. A separate client device can be associate with each end user 114 orend users 114 can use a common client device. License 116 allowsauthorized end users 114 to access and use protected content 103. Whenlicense server 110 issues requested licenses 116′, distribution point128 pre-packages licenses 116′ with the appropriate protected content108 so that licenses 116′ are matched to protected content 108 as shownin FIG. 4. When pre-packaged, licenses 116′ can be a part of protectedcontent 108 in the manner shown in FIG. 4. However, licenses 116′ mayalso be a separate file or other component with a mechanism to associatethe license to the appropriate protected content. For example, a link, areference, a call or other association mechanism can be used. Client 106receives software 103 package from activation server 102, receivesprotected content 108 with license 116′ associated thereto in apre-packaged form from distribution point 128, and allows one or moreend users 114 to access protected content 108 for which the end user isauthorized.

In the subscription based implementation, DRM system 100 allows endusers 114 to access a plurality of protected content 108 withoutnecessitating a separate activation for each item of protected content.In particular, DRM system 100 is adapted to be operated in subscriptionbased manner and to provide subscribing end users 114 access to aplurality of items of protected content 108 without requiring furtheractivations by activation server 102 and the corresponding delay andoverhead.

DRM system 100 of the present embodiment is provided with a subscriptionmanaging device such as subscription list manager 120 that is adapted torecognize the identity of each end user 114 by maintaining asubscription list of public keys associated to each of subscribing enduser 114. Subscription list manager 120 of the illustrated embodiment isalso provided with database 122 for storing such identity informationand public key information associated with end users 114. By having asubscription list and comparing the utilized public key with the publickeys in the subscription list, DRM system 100 knows the identity of thesubscribing end users 114 seeking to access and use specific protectedcontent. When distribution point 128 requests a license on behalf of aparticular end user who is a subscriber, the public key associated withthe particular end user is extracted from the stored list in database122 by subscription list manager 120 and the public key is used bylicense server 110 to issue the requisite license.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 4, DRM system 100 would be used inthe following manner to affect the method illustrated in FIG. 5. First,end users 114 utilize client environment 106 to be activated by server102 in the manner described above (step 502). End users 114 join asubscription that is offered through a distribution point 128 which canbe implemented as an application through a web site, an online store, orin another appropriate manner in step 504. During the process of joininga subscription, a series of steps may be provided to create an accountor arrange payment of a fee in any appropriate manner. The details ofthe creation of the account or payment of the fee can be accomplishedusing known user interfaces and known APIs, or the likes and thus, isnot discussed in further detail herein.

After receiving a request for content in step 506, distribution point128 retrieves the public keys that are associated with each end user114, requesting protected content 108, the public keys being obtainedduring the activation process from activation server 102. The publickeys identify end users and are stored in database 122 in correspondencewith the associated end user and other associated data. When protectedcontent 108 is to be distributed to subscribing end users 114, forinstance through e-mail, distribution point 128 makes requests tolicense server 110 to issue the appropriate licenses. Requests forlicenses may include a list of end users, their respective publicencryption keys, and the protected content ID for which the licenses areto be issued. Of course, the request could also be for licensing asingle end user or multiple protected content as well. The request forlicenses may be executed using an API or by any other appropriateprotocol.

License server 110 then authenticates the requester such as distributionpoint 128, checks that the end users are on the appropriate subscriptionlist (step 508), and if so, issues licenses 116 (step 510), and deliversthem to distribution point 128 for pre-packaging with protected content108. The distribution point 128 pre-packages protected content 108 withlicenses 116′ and delivers them, or otherwise makes them available, toeach end user 114 (step 512). Since items of protected content 108 aredelivered pre-packaged with an issued license 116, users would not needto go through additional activations/procedures and wait for licenses toissue in order to access and use protected content 108 of thesubscription after the initial activation. Subscription lists aremaintained by subscription list manger 120 and correlated to the publickeys, to verify if the user is entitled to license 116.

As noted above, it is desirable to pre-package license 116′ with content108 when it is delivered by distribution point 128 to end users 114 inorder to provide a more seamless user experience. In the illustratedembodiment of FIG. 4, distribution point 128, which is merelyschematically shown, may be a computer application or a storefront suchas a web based, on-line store or vendor. Alternatively, distributionpoint 128 may be a computer application that is integrated with a mailserver, license server 110, or subscription list manager 120 thatmaintains a subscription list. In such embodiments, maintenance of thesubscription list could be as simple as storing the public keys indatabase 122, within a mail server directory, or a link to anotherstorage location where public keys can be stored and managed. In anenterprise such as a group, company or entity, distribution lists may beadapted to be subscription lists. Any number of subscription lists canbe managed.

In the above described manner, DRM system 100 facilitates end usersaccess to large number of items of protected content without the needfor repeated activations for each license. It should also be noted thatthe above discussed sequence of steps illustrate only one exampleworkflow of how a DRM system in accordance with the present inventionmay be operated, one or more of the steps may take place in a differentorder, or approximately simultaneously.

In an embodiment where distribution point 128 is an application within amail server, distribution point 128 may be operated to interceptincoming protected content to protect its access, and to make a requestto license server 110 for a license for one or more end users 114 whoare subscribers. Distribution point 128 may then pre-package theprotected content and provide the pre-packaged content to the mailserver workflow so that the mail server can route the protected contentto the end users.

In an embodiment where distribution point 128 is integrated withsubscriber list manager 120, public keys associated with end users 114and maintained as a list of end user's identities are typically, but notnecessarily, uploaded from client 106 during the activation process withactivation server 102. In addition, in an enterprise, subscription listmanager 120 may be integrated with a directory services system orsimilar system. The list of end users may also include a list of contentthat each of the end users subscribe to, in addition to the identityinformation and public keys.

Moreover, access to protected content may be through a pull model whereend users pro-actively seek and use protected content such as bydownloading protected content from a web site. Alternatively, access toprotected content may be through a push model where end users receiveprotected content through e-mail, e-mail attachment, or by othermechanism.

A significant advantage of DRM system 100 is that it allows automationof the end user's access to a collection of protected content when theend user becomes a member of a designated subscription group for aparticular subscription. Various end users can subscribe and unsubscribeand the subscription list may be managed by the end users themselves, ormanaged by another person or automated management system. Automation ofthe end user's access also allows the process for obtaining of a licensefor accessing particular protected content to be made transparent to theend user. For example, in the pull model, an end user may make downloadsor otherwise access plurality of protected content without additionaltransaction steps to obtain required software or licenses for each ofthe protected content accessed after the initial activation. In the pushmodel, the end user receives the protected content through e-mail,e-mail attachment, or by another mechanism which can be opened withoutany additional transaction steps after the initial activation.

It should be noted that actual delivery of the license and/or theprotected content may be performed in various ways, for instance, byspecialized systems such as delivery engines. Delivery engines arespecialized and highly efficient entities that deliver content to alarge population. For example, delivery engines may be used by abrokerage firm to deliver stock transaction confirmations by outsourcingthis task to a company that specializes in low cost delivery of suchdocuments.

Examples of specific types of subscriptions may be provided for use withthe preferred embodiment are “subscribe-and-rent” subscriptions, and“subscribe-and-acquire” subscriptions. In subscribe-and-rentsubscriptions, an end user is only allowed to access protected contentwhile being an active subscriber, or based on some other condition, forexample, a time period, a number of views, or until the next version ofthe content is made available. One example of a subscribe-and-rentsubscription type is for online use of streaming media. Typically,protected content would be used on-line and once the subscriptionexpires or a period of time lapses, the protected content, includingpreviously accessible content, as well as unaccessed content is nolonger made available to the end user. In this type of subscriptionusage rights, conditions, and state variables can be used to limit themanner of use in a known manner.

In subscribe-and-acquire subscriptions, end users actually acquireprotected content. For instance, a certain amount or type of protectedcontent could be acquired from a larger collection comprising aplurality of protected content. In addition, there could be preferentialpricing, access, or terms can be given to a subscribing and user. Insubscribe-and-acquire subscriptions, once the protected content islegitimately acquired, an end user would have the right to use itindefinitely and expiration of the subscription does not generallyterminate the right to use content previously acquired. Businessdocuments such as stock transaction confirmations are a typical exampleof a protected document appropriate for subscribe-and-acquiresubscription.

Of course, in other implementations, both subscription types can becombined. For example, a subscribing end user may be offered a packagethat includes on-line access to all protected content and apredetermined number of downloads. In a music application, a subscribingend user may have on-line access to the entire catalog of music titles,but only be allowed to download one hundred titles. Of course, otherpermutations and subscription models are possible in implementing asubscription based DRM system and method. For instance, in anotherexample, a subscription based DRM system and method would allow rightsto a specific number, for example one hundred, downloads to be deferred,accumulated, or transferred to another person, or even returned to thesubscription provider. Also, for example, acquisition could be made topersist only for the duration of certain conditions and does notliterally have to be for an indefinite period.

In addition, different subscription models may be apply to differentparts of the protected content. For example, a periodical may beacquired on a subscribe-and-acquire basis, but images that are part ofthe periodical may be acquired on a subscribe-and-rent basis and thusmight expire or require additional fees for example. The licenseassociated with the particular protected content could define thedifferent treatment between the periodical itself and the imagesthereof. Once downloaded, protected content may be accessed and used bythe end user off-line in the manner determined by the license associatedwith the protected content. With a combination of on-line and off-linesubscription, many models can be constructed using the subscriptionbased DRM system and method of the present invention.

As an example, a subscription based DRM system may be used in astorefront application. A storefront may be any on-line e-commerce sitethat offers protected content for sale. In this regard, distributionpoint 128 shown in DRM system 100 of FIG. 2 may be such a storefront.End user 114 activates client 106 and obtains public and private keys.The end user then joins a subscription list by responding to asubscription offer in the storefront and makes payment, or satisfiesother conditions. Subscription list manager 120 pulls each public keyand associates the public key with end user's identity. End user thenattempts to download protected content such as a document that is partof a subscription collection. The storefront validates the end user'smembership to the subscription through subscription list manager 120,retrieves end user's public key from subscription list manager 120, andmakes a request to license server 110 for the licenses associated to therequested protected content. License server 110, after verifyingauthenticity of the request, issues licenses 116 to the storefront. Thestorefront then pre-packages the license with protected content 108 andmakes it available for download by end user 114 as discussed previously.End user 114 can then download protected content 108 and transparentlyuse protected content 108 in the manner dictated by issued license.

In another example, a subscription based DRM system and method of thepresent invention may be used in a delivery engine application thatprovides secure delivery of protected content such as documents. Forinstance, end users 114 may sign up as a subscriber to content 108provided by Company A that owns or controls content 108, and activates aclient via activation server 102 to obtain keys. Company A works withCompany B that offers a secure digital delivery service to outsource thedocument delivery portion of its subscription service offering. Theoutsourced document delivery may be for delivery of financial statementsor other type of documentation requiring protection and restricted use.Such outsourcing may be beneficial to Company A because Company B may bemore efficient and cost effective in this particular function ofdocument delivery. Company B thus serves as a “delivery engine” controlssubscription list manager 102 to manage the list of end users 114 thatreceive documents, i.e. a subscription list which associates subscribingcustomers of Company A with their public key obtained during theactivation stage. Of course, there could be more than one subscriptionlist, for example a list of preferred customers, a list of specifictypes of customers, and the like.

When Company A has a document to deliver to its subscribers, it preparesthe document and provides it to Company B for delivery. Company A theninstructs Company B to deliver the document to users in one or moresubscription list(s), for example, to most preferred customers. CompanyB sends a request to license server 110 to issue licenses 116 for eachcustomer, i.e. user 114 in the list of most preferred customers, eachcustomer being associated with a particular public key. Once requestedlicenses 116 are issued by license server 110, Company B receiveslicenses 116, pre-packages the documents with the licenses 116′, anddelivers them to the subscribing customers in the most preferredcustomer list. Because the documents are pre-packaged 116′ with therequired license, the subscribing customers need not conduct anadditional transaction to use the protected content in accordance withthe license 116. Thus, each end user that receives the pre-packagedlicense can receive and access the protected document transparentlywithout further activations.

Another example of the subscription based DRM system and method is in anenterprise application. Distribution point 128 in such an applicationmay be a computer application that is integrated with a mail server, orother application of the enterprise. Additionally, the enterpriseapplication may maintain the subscription list in any appropriate manneras previously described. In this enterprise application example, endusers 118 such as Person A, Person B, and Person C, are activatedthrough activation server 122. When Person A sends a protected documentto Person B and Person C, distribution point 128 intercepts the documentand makes a request to license server 110 for a license 116 on behalf ofPerson B and Person C. Distribution point 128 then retrieves public keysfor Person B and Person C and uploads the public keys to license server110 which issues licenses 116 granting Person B and Person C rights tothe protected document sent by Person A.

Once licenses 116 are received from license server 110, distributionpoint 128 pre-packages the protected document with the issued license1161 and inserts it to the normal mail server workflow so that the mailserver routes the protected document to Person C and Person B. BothPerson B and Person C can then access and use the received documenttransparently when they check their respective e-mails in accordancewith the issued license.

Another example of subscription based DRM system and method is a digitalmusic store application. In such an application, a music company, forinstance, an online music store, may offer a subscription to customersas users 114 where for a predetermined fee, users 114 are allowed accessto unlimited (or limited) on-line streaming use of the music store'smusic catalog titles, and download a predetermined number of musictitles.

When a subscribing user 114 seeks to access the music store's musiccatalog, DRM system authenticates the subscribing user 114 withactivation server 102 and ensures that the user is identified in asubscription list of subscription list manager 120 before allowingaccess to the music catalog and the titles therein. As the userdownloads various music titles as content 108, from the music store,license server 110 can keep track of the number of titles user 114 hasdownloaded so that if the maximum number of downloads has not beenexceeded, the music store sends a request to the license server togenerate licenses 116 for the selected titles. Once license server 110issues the required licenses, the online music store pre-packages theprotected title with the appropriate license 116 using a documentpackaging application. The user can then transparently download theselected titles from the music store.

Further, the subscription based license of the preferred embodimentpermits activation prior to the existence of the content. For example, auser can subscribe to receive a live streaming event prior to the event.

It should again be understood that whereas the terms “server” and“client” are used to describe the devices for implementing the presentinvention in the illustrated embodiments above, these terms should bebroadly understood to mean any appropriate device or devices forexecuting the described function.

Communication between the various devices can be accomplished throughany channel, such as a local area network (LAN), the Internet, serialcommunications ports, and the like. The communications channels can usewireless technology, such as radio frequency or infra-red technology.The various elements of the preferred embodiment such as the variousservers and databases connected thereto are segregated by function forthe purpose of clarity. However, the various elements can be combinedinto one device or segregated in a different manner. For example,software package, and public and private key pair can be a singleexecutable file and data files, or plural files or modules stored on thesame device or on different devices. The software package can be anyexchange of information that permits license activation and need notinclude a rendering application, a public key can be any type ofidentification tag or code. Further, the function of the various devicescan be combined. For example, a single device can accomplish thefunction of license server 110 activation server 102, subscription listmanager 120, and client 106. Also, the functions can be combined orsegregated into any number and configuration of devices. The variouscomponents and modules have separate utility and may exist alone or incombination.

Any protocols, data types, or data structures can be used in accordancewith the invention. Moreover, any appropriate means of expressing usagerights and conditions may be used in implementing the present invention.For instance, as previously noted, a rights language, e.g. a grammarsuch as XrML™ can be used.

While various embodiments in accordance with the present invention havebeen shown and described, it is understood that the invention is notlimited thereto. The present invention may be changed, modified andfurther applied by those skilled in the art. Therefore, this inventionis not limited to the detail shown and described previously, but alsoincludes all such changes and modifications as are encompassed by theappended claims and legal equivalents.

What is claimed:
 1. A computer-implemented method executed by one or more computing devices for creating a digital work that is made available to a subscriber computing device through a subscription, the subscriber computing device being associated with a subscriber of the subscription, the method comprising: before an instance of the content is available to the subscriber computing device through the subscription, transmitting, by at least one of the one or more computing devices, a label associated with at least one usage right; receiving, by at least one of the one or more computing devices, a request for access to the instance of the content; receiving, by at least one of the one or more computing devices, information related to the environment of a computing device associated with the subscriber; and transmitting, by at least one of the one or more computing devices, the instance of the content after the instance of the content becomes available to the subscriber computing device through the subscription, wherein the instance of the content is in a format appropriate to the environment of a computing device associated with the subscriber, wherein the digital work is created when the at least one usage right becomes associated with the instance of the content.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one usage right corresponds to a permitted utilization of the instance of the content.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the permitted utilization is rendering the instance of the content for a specified period of time.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the permitted utilization is distribution of the instance of the content.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one usage right is enforceable by a computing device.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one usage right corresponds to the subscription.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the request for access is received before the instance of the content is available to the subscriber computing device through the subscription.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein utilization of the digital work is permitted after the instance of content becomes available to the subscriber computing device through the subscription.
 9. An apparatus for creating a digital work that is made available to a subscriber computing device through a subscription, the subscriber computing device being associated with a subscriber of the subscription, the apparatus comprising: one or more processors; and one or more memories operatively coupled to at least one of the one or more processors and containing instructions that, when executed by at least one of the one or more processors, cause at least one of the one or more processors to: before an instance of the content is available to the subscriber computing device through the subscription, transmit a label associated with at least one usage right; receive a request for access to the instance of the content; receive information related to the environment of a computing device associated with the subscriber; and transmit the instance of the content after the content becomes available to the subscriber computing device through the subscription, wherein the instance of the content is in a format appropriate to the environment of a computing device associated with the subscriber, wherein the digital work is created when the at least one usage right becomes associated with the instance of the content.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the at least one usage right corresponds to a permitted utilization of the instance of the content.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the permitted utilization is rendering the instance of the content for a specified period of time.
 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the permitted utilization is distribution of the instance of the content.
 13. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the at least one usage right is enforceable by a computing device.
 14. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the at least one usage right corresponds to the subscription.
 15. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the request for access is received before the instance of the content is available to the subscriber computing device through the subscription.
 16. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein utilization of the digital work is permitted after the instance of content becomes available to the subscriber computing device through the subscription.
 17. At least one non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions that, when executed by one or more computing devices, create a digital work that is made available to a subscriber computing through a subscription, the subscriber computing device being associated with a subscriber of the subscription, the instructions causing at least one of the one or more computing devices to: before an instance of the content is available to the subscriber computing device through the subscription, transmit a label associated with at least one usage right; receive a request for access to the instance of the content; receive information related to the environment of a computing device associated with the subscriber; and transmit the instance of the content after the instance of the content becomes available to the subscriber computing device through the subscription, wherein the instance of the content is in a format appropriate to the environment of a computing device associated with the subscriber, wherein the digital work is created when the at least one usage right becomes associated with the instance of the content.
 18. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the at least one usage right corresponds to a permitted utilization of the instance of the content.
 19. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 18, wherein the permitted utilization is rendering the instance of the content for a specified period of time.
 20. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 18, wherein the permitted utilization is distribution of the instance of the content.
 21. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the at least one usage right is enforceable by a computing device.
 22. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the at least one usage right corresponds to the subscription.
 23. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the request for access is received before the instance of the content is available to the subscriber computing device through the subscription.
 24. The at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein utilization of the digital work is permitted after the instance of content becomes available to the subscriber computing device through the subscription. 